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PUBLICATIONS
2025
Navarro, África; Fonts, Isabel; Ruiz, Joaquín; Ceamanos, Jesús; Gil-Lalaguna, Noemí; Murillo, María Benita; Gea, Gloria
The role of biogenic waste composition on pyrolysis: Part I – Char properties Artículo de revista
En: Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 197, pp. 107778, 2025, ISSN: 0961-9534.
@article{NAVARRO2025107778,
title = {The role of biogenic waste composition on pyrolysis: Part I – Char properties},
author = {África Navarro and Isabel Fonts and Joaquín Ruiz and Jesús Ceamanos and Noemí Gil-Lalaguna and María Benita Murillo and Gloria Gea},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953425001898},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107778},
issn = {0961-9534},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
urldate = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Biomass and Bioenergy},
volume = {197},
pages = {107778},
abstract = {The yield and properties of char derived from the co-digested manure and its main macro-components, including organic (cellulose, lignin, and protein) components and an inorganic component (CaCO3), produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350, 550, and 750 °C) have been studied. Experimental results obtained from a surrogate co-digested manure were compared with the theoretically calculated values to explore potential interactions between these macro-components. The char properties analyzed included elemental analysis, pH, FTIR, XPS, and specific surface area. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on many properties was similar, regardless of the precursor (macro-component). Increasing pyrolysis temperature led to higher C content (>90 wt% for cellulose char at 750 °C), pH (from (∼7 for cellulose at 350 °C to ∼13 for co-digested manure), and specific surface area, observing a marked development of ultramicroporosity and microporosity, especially at the highest pyrolysis temperature studied, 750 °C. An exception was observed for the char derived from proteins due to melting during pyrolysis. By far, the solids from the pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin exhibited the most microporosity development (SSDR ≥ 650 m2 g-1), reaching, at the highest temperature studied, values close to those of physically activated carbons. Pyrolysis of the surrogate co-digested manure revealed the occurrence of Maillard reactions and also showed an interesting interaction involving CaCO3. The CaCO3 thermal decomposition is promoted when it is embedded into the organic matrix, where the CO2 generated during decomposition favored the Boudouard reaction of C from the organic components. This results in a lower biochar yield, 32 wt% versus 37 wt% (expected value), and a higher development of microporosity in the char.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The yield and properties of char derived from the co-digested manure and its main macro-components, including organic (cellulose, lignin, and protein) components and an inorganic component (CaCO3), produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350, 550, and 750 °C) have been studied. Experimental results obtained from a surrogate co-digested manure were compared with the theoretically calculated values to explore potential interactions between these macro-components. The char properties analyzed included elemental analysis, pH, FTIR, XPS, and specific surface area. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on many properties was similar, regardless of the precursor (macro-component). Increasing pyrolysis temperature led to higher C content (>90 wt% for cellulose char at 750 °C), pH (from (∼7 for cellulose at 350 °C to ∼13 for co-digested manure), and specific surface area, observing a marked development of ultramicroporosity and microporosity, especially at the highest pyrolysis temperature studied, 750 °C. An exception was observed for the char derived from proteins due to melting during pyrolysis. By far, the solids from the pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin exhibited the most microporosity development (SSDR ≥ 650 m2 g-1), reaching, at the highest temperature studied, values close to those of physically activated carbons. Pyrolysis of the surrogate co-digested manure revealed the occurrence of Maillard reactions and also showed an interesting interaction involving CaCO3. The CaCO3 thermal decomposition is promoted when it is embedded into the organic matrix, where the CO2 generated during decomposition favored the Boudouard reaction of C from the organic components. This results in a lower biochar yield, 32 wt% versus 37 wt% (expected value), and a higher development of microporosity in the char.
Navarro, África; Fonts, Isabel; Ruiz, Joaquín; Ceamanos, Jesús; Gil-Lalaguna, Noemí; Ábrego, Javier; Gea, Gloria
The role of biogenic waste composition on pyrolysis: Part II – Char CO2 adsorption capacity Artículo de revista
En: Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 197, pp. 107775, 2025, ISSN: 0961-9534.
@article{NAVARRO2025107775,
title = {The role of biogenic waste composition on pyrolysis: Part II – Char CO2 adsorption capacity},
author = {África Navarro and Isabel Fonts and Joaquín Ruiz and Jesús Ceamanos and Noemí Gil-Lalaguna and Javier Ábrego and Gloria Gea},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953425001862},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107775},
issn = {0961-9534},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
urldate = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Biomass and Bioenergy},
volume = {197},
pages = {107775},
abstract = {The CO2 adsorption capacities (AC) of biochars obtained at 350, 550, and 750 °C from the main organic (cellulose, lignin, and protein) and inorganic (CaCO3) macro-components of biogenic waste, as well as from co-digested manure (CDM), have been determined for different CO2 concentrations (2–83 vol%) at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. CO2 adsorption isotherms have been determined using two different experimental methodologies: thermogravimetric and fixed-bed dynamic adsorption tests, yielding similar results. The composition effect has been analyzed by comparing the adsorption performance of the chars derived from individual macro-components and the potential interactions occurring during their co-pyrolysis. Lignin and cellulose-derived chars showed higher CO2 retention (≈77 mg gbiochar−1) than those produced from protein (≈40 mg gbiochar−1). Pyrolyzed CaCO3 exhibited negligible CO2 adsorption. For surrogate_CDM chars, prepared at pyrolysis temperatures high enough to decompose CaCO3 in the organic matrix, experimental results showed a synergistic effect, with AC between 14 % and 47 % higher than theoretical predictions. This decomposition promoted the reverse Boudouard reaction and enhanced char microporosity. However, the improvement was insufficient to offset the dilution effect caused by the high CaCO3 content. AC results have been discussed based on the biochar textural and chemical properties, with ultramicroporosity being the key factor determining adsorption capacity. The AC of CDM-derived sorbents is similar to that of cellulose-derived, expressed per gram of waste (7–13 mg gwaste−1). Furthermore, the biochars retained at least 80 % of their initial AC after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating their potential for stable CO2 capture.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The CO2 adsorption capacities (AC) of biochars obtained at 350, 550, and 750 °C from the main organic (cellulose, lignin, and protein) and inorganic (CaCO3) macro-components of biogenic waste, as well as from co-digested manure (CDM), have been determined for different CO2 concentrations (2–83 vol%) at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. CO2 adsorption isotherms have been determined using two different experimental methodologies: thermogravimetric and fixed-bed dynamic adsorption tests, yielding similar results. The composition effect has been analyzed by comparing the adsorption performance of the chars derived from individual macro-components and the potential interactions occurring during their co-pyrolysis. Lignin and cellulose-derived chars showed higher CO2 retention (≈77 mg gbiochar−1) than those produced from protein (≈40 mg gbiochar−1). Pyrolyzed CaCO3 exhibited negligible CO2 adsorption. For surrogate_CDM chars, prepared at pyrolysis temperatures high enough to decompose CaCO3 in the organic matrix, experimental results showed a synergistic effect, with AC between 14 % and 47 % higher than theoretical predictions. This decomposition promoted the reverse Boudouard reaction and enhanced char microporosity. However, the improvement was insufficient to offset the dilution effect caused by the high CaCO3 content. AC results have been discussed based on the biochar textural and chemical properties, with ultramicroporosity being the key factor determining adsorption capacity. The AC of CDM-derived sorbents is similar to that of cellulose-derived, expressed per gram of waste (7–13 mg gwaste−1). Furthermore, the biochars retained at least 80 % of their initial AC after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating their potential for stable CO2 capture.
2024
Cordoba-Ramirez, Marlon; Chejne, Farid; Alean, Jader; Gómez, Carlos A.; Navarro-Gil, África; Ábrego, Javier; Gea, Gloria
Experimental strategy for the preparation of adsorbent materials from torrefied palm kernel shell oriented to CO2 capture Artículo de revista
En: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024, ISSN: 1614-7499.
@article{cordoba-ramirez_experimental_2024,
title = {Experimental strategy for the preparation of adsorbent materials from torrefied palm kernel shell oriented to CO2 capture},
author = {Marlon Cordoba-Ramirez and Farid Chejne and Jader Alean and Carlos A. Gómez and África Navarro-Gil and Javier Ábrego and Gloria Gea},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32028-3},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-024-32028-3},
issn = {1614-7499},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-02-01},
urldate = {2024-02-01},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
abstract = {In this study, an experimental strategy to obtain biochar and activated carbon from torrefied palm kernel shell as an efficient material for CO2 removal was evaluated. Biochar was obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell at different temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C, and 700 °C) and previously torrefied palm kernel shell at different temperatures (220 °C, 250 °C, and 280 °C). Subsequently, activated carbons were prepared by physical activation with CO2 from previously obtained biochar samples. The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured using TGA. The experimental results showed that there is a correlation between the change in the O/C and H/C ratios and the functional groups –OH and C=O observed via FTIR in the obtained char, indicating that both dehydration and deoxygenation reactions occur during torrefaction; this favors the deoxygenation reactions and makes them faster through CO2 liberation during the pyrolysis process. The microporous surface area shows a significant increase with higher pyrolysis temperatures, as a product of the continuous carbonization reactions, allowing more active sites for CO2 removal. Pyrolysis temperature is a key factor in CO2 adsorption capacity, leading to a CO2 adsorption capacity of up to 75 mg/gCO2 for biochar obtained at 700 °C from non-torrefied palm kernel shell (Char700). Activated carbon obtained from torrefied palm kernel shell at 280 °C (T280-CHAR700-AC) exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (101.9 mg/gCO2). Oxygen-containing functional groups have a direct impact on CO2 adsorption performance due to electron interactions between CO2 and these functional groups. These findings could provide a new experimental approach for obtaining optimal adsorbent materials exclusively derived from thermochemical conversion processes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this study, an experimental strategy to obtain biochar and activated carbon from torrefied palm kernel shell as an efficient material for CO2 removal was evaluated. Biochar was obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell at different temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C, and 700 °C) and previously torrefied palm kernel shell at different temperatures (220 °C, 250 °C, and 280 °C). Subsequently, activated carbons were prepared by physical activation with CO2 from previously obtained biochar samples. The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured using TGA. The experimental results showed that there is a correlation between the change in the O/C and H/C ratios and the functional groups –OH and C=O observed via FTIR in the obtained char, indicating that both dehydration and deoxygenation reactions occur during torrefaction; this favors the deoxygenation reactions and makes them faster through CO2 liberation during the pyrolysis process. The microporous surface area shows a significant increase with higher pyrolysis temperatures, as a product of the continuous carbonization reactions, allowing more active sites for CO2 removal. Pyrolysis temperature is a key factor in CO2 adsorption capacity, leading to a CO2 adsorption capacity of up to 75 mg/gCO2 for biochar obtained at 700 °C from non-torrefied palm kernel shell (Char700). Activated carbon obtained from torrefied palm kernel shell at 280 °C (T280-CHAR700-AC) exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (101.9 mg/gCO2). Oxygen-containing functional groups have a direct impact on CO2 adsorption performance due to electron interactions between CO2 and these functional groups. These findings could provide a new experimental approach for obtaining optimal adsorbent materials exclusively derived from thermochemical conversion processes.
2022
Gil-Lalaguna, Noemí; Navarro-Gil, África; Carstensen, Hans-Heinrich; Ruiz, Joaquín; Fonts, Isabel; Ceamanos, Jesús; Murillo, María Benita; Gea, Gloria
CO2 adsorption on pyrolysis char from protein-containing livestock waste: How do proteins affect? Artículo de revista
En: Science of The Total Environment, vol. 846, pp. 157395, 2022, ISSN: 0048-9697.
@article{Gil-Lalaguna2022,
title = {CO2 adsorption on pyrolysis char from protein-containing livestock waste: How do proteins affect?},
author = {Noemí Gil-Lalaguna and África Navarro-Gil and Hans-Heinrich Carstensen and Joaquín Ruiz and Isabel Fonts and Jesús Ceamanos and María Benita Murillo and Gloria Gea},
doi = {10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.157395},
issn = {0048-9697},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2022-11-01},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
volume = {846},
pages = {157395},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Biogas generation through anaerobic digestion provides an interesting opportunity to valorize some types of animal waste materials whose management is increasingly complicated by legal and environmental restrictions. To successfully expand anaerobic digestion in livestock areas, operational issues such as digestate management must be addressed in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. Biogas upgrading is another necessary stage before intending it to add-value applications. The high concentration of CO2 in biogas results in a reduced caloric value, so the removal of CO2 would be beneficial for most end-users. The current work evaluates the CO2 uptake properties (thermogravimetry study) of low-cost adsorbent materials produced from the animal wastes generated in the livestock area itself, specifically via pyrolysis of poorly biodegradable materials, such as meat and bone meal, and the digestate from manure anaerobic digestion. Therefore, the new element in this study with respect to other studies found in the literature related to biochar-based CO2 adsorption performance is the presence of high content of pyrolyzed proteins in the adsorbent material. In this work, pyrolyzed chars from both meat and bone meal and co-digested manure have been proven to adsorb CO2 reversibly, and also the chars produced from their representative pure proteins (collagen and soybean protein), which were evaluated as model compounds for a better understanding of the individual performance of proteins. The ultra-microporosity developed in the protein chars during pyrolysis seems to be the main explanation for such CO2 uptake capacities, while neither the BET surface area nor N-functionalities on the char surface can properly explain the observed results. Although the CO2 adsorption capacities of these pristine chars (6–41.0 mg CO2/g char) are far away from data of commercially activated carbons ($sim$80 mg CO2/g char), this application opens a new via to integrate and valorize these wastes in the circular economy of the primary sector.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Biogas generation through anaerobic digestion provides an interesting opportunity to valorize some types of animal waste materials whose management is increasingly complicated by legal and environmental restrictions. To successfully expand anaerobic digestion in livestock areas, operational issues such as digestate management must be addressed in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. Biogas upgrading is another necessary stage before intending it to add-value applications. The high concentration of CO2 in biogas results in a reduced caloric value, so the removal of CO2 would be beneficial for most end-users. The current work evaluates the CO2 uptake properties (thermogravimetry study) of low-cost adsorbent materials produced from the animal wastes generated in the livestock area itself, specifically via pyrolysis of poorly biodegradable materials, such as meat and bone meal, and the digestate from manure anaerobic digestion. Therefore, the new element in this study with respect to other studies found in the literature related to biochar-based CO2 adsorption performance is the presence of high content of pyrolyzed proteins in the adsorbent material. In this work, pyrolyzed chars from both meat and bone meal and co-digested manure have been proven to adsorb CO2 reversibly, and also the chars produced from their representative pure proteins (collagen and soybean protein), which were evaluated as model compounds for a better understanding of the individual performance of proteins. The ultra-microporosity developed in the protein chars during pyrolysis seems to be the main explanation for such CO2 uptake capacities, while neither the BET surface area nor N-functionalities on the char surface can properly explain the observed results. Although the CO2 adsorption capacities of these pristine chars (6–41.0 mg CO2/g char) are far away from data of commercially activated carbons ($sim$80 mg CO2/g char), this application opens a new via to integrate and valorize these wastes in the circular economy of the primary sector.
2021
Adánez-Rubio, Iñaki; Fonts, Isabel; Blas, P; Viteri, Fausto; Gea, Gloria; Alzueta, María U
Exploratory study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurrence and distribution in manure pyrolysis products Artículo de revista
En: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 155, pp. 105078, 2021, ISSN: 01652370.
@article{Adanez-Rubio2021,
title = {Exploratory study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurrence and distribution in manure pyrolysis products},
author = {Iñaki Adánez-Rubio and Isabel Fonts and P Blas and Fausto Viteri and Gloria Gea and María U Alzueta},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165237021000644},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105078},
issn = {01652370},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-01},
journal = {Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis},
volume = {155},
pages = {105078},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}